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Together with a growing acceptance of homosexuality as a common expression of human sexuality, long-standing beliefs about homosexuals had begun to lose credence. It is likely that many instances of homosexuality result from a combination of inborn or constitutional factors and environmental or social influences.īy the 21st century, many societies had been discussing sexuality and sexual practices with increased candour. Others have looked at social influences and physiological events in fetal development as possible origins. His contemporary Sigmund Freud characterized it as a result of conflicts of psychosexual development, including identification with the parent of the opposite sex. The 19th-century psychologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing, whose Psychopathia Sexualis (1886) included masturbation, sado-masochism, and “lust-murder” in its list of sexual perversions, saw it as originating in heredity. Psychologists in the 19th and 20th centuries, most of whom classified homosexuality as a form of mental illness, developed a variety of theories on its origin. Wherever opinion can be freely expressed, debates about homosexuality will likely continue. Their claims of success, however, are controversial. Nonetheless, some religious groups continue to emphasize reparative therapy in the attempt to “cure” homosexuality through prayer, counseling, and behaviour modification. The American Psychiatric Association, for example, declassified “ego-syntonic homosexuality” (the condition of a person content with his or her homosexuality) as a mental illness in 1973.
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The conflicting views of homosexuality-as a variant but normal human sexual behaviour on one hand, and as psychologically deviant behaviour on the other-remain present in most societies in the 21st century, but they have been largely resolved (in the professional sense) in most developed countries. Modern developmentsĪttitudes toward homosexuality are generally in flux, partially as a result of increased political activism ( see gay rights movement) and efforts by homosexuals to be seen not as aberrant personalities but as differing from “normal” individuals only in their sexual orientation. The topic has threatened to cause outright schisms in some denominations.
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Others-from factions within mainstream Protestantism to organizations of Reform rabbis-have advocated, on theological as well as social grounds, the full acceptance of homosexuals and their relationships. Many Jewish and Christian leaders, however, have gone to great lengths to make clear that it is the acts and not the individuals or even their “inclination” or “orientation” that their faiths proscribe. Judeo-Christian as well as Muslim cultures have generally perceived homosexual behaviour as sinful. Homosexuality was not uncommon in ancient Greece and Rome, and the relationships between adult and adolescent males in particular have become a chief focus of Western classicists in recent years. The term gay is frequently used as a synonym for homosexual female homosexuality is often referred to as lesbianism.Īt different times and in different cultures, homosexual behaviour has been variously approved of, tolerated, punished, and banned. Homosexuality, sexual interest in and attraction to members of one’s own sex. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.
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